Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with DROUGHT. The presence of water management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving water for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that DROUGHT is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store water. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate DROUGHT in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year period, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining DROUGHT occurrences in five ten-year periods reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), DROUGHT has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of DROUGHT occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its agricultural production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's DROUGHTs, with return periods of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the agricultural sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

DROUGHT has the highest financial cost among natural disasters in Iran. Considering the climate change and the frequent occurrence of DROUGHT, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the level of DROUGHT vulnerability among Iranian farmers. A multiple case study research method was used. The cases were selected by purposeful sampling. A PRA type ranking technique was used to rank the farmers based on their severity of DROUGHT IMPACTS. The ranking information was used to select five successful and five unsuccessful cases in coping with DROUGHT. The findings revealed that the DROUGHT effects were social, economic, agronomic, environmental and fearing the future. The impact of DROUGHT was more sever among unsuccessful farmers. The farmers attribute the causes of the different DROUGHT impact among themselves to the technologic, economic, natural and agronomic factors and also the level of knowledge and beliefs. The study provided a model to explain how to reduce the DROUGHT vulnerability. It was recommended to classify farmers based on their DROUGHT impact in order to offer more effective DROUGHT interventions strategies to each group. The study recommends that extension organization concentrates its activities on increasing farmer's knowledge about new methods of farm management and DROUGHT coping strategies, and establishing government funds to help farmers under DROUGHT conditions.

DROUGHT is a slow-onset and creeping phenomenon that imposes many irreparable natural hazards and affects all climates. One of the important climatic consequences for agriculture is consecutive DROUGHTs that occur every few years and reduce the production yield, in particular under rainfed farming conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor DROUGHTs and the impact of agricultural DROUGHT on the strategic wheat crop under rainfed and irrigated cultivation conditions in the Bojnourd region. In this regard, to calculate the standardized DROUGHT indices i. e. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Percent of Normal Index (PN), and Z-score Index (ZSI), rainfall statistics, and information of Bojnourd meteorological station during the period 2005 to 2019 were used. Likewise, to relate DROUGHTs to agricultural products, statistics and information on the area under cultivation, production, and yield of rainfed and irrigated wheat were used during the statistical period of 1983 to 2019. The results of pearson correlation between DROUGHT indices and area under cultivation, production, and crop yield of rainfed and irrigated wheat indicated that the lowest (r = 0. 23) and the highest (r = 0. 73) correlation levels belonged to the ZSI index with irrigated yield and rainfed production with the PN index, respectively. Temporal changes in the area under cultivation of irrigated and rainfed wheat in Bojnourd region showed that the area under irrigated wheat crop cultivation decreased sharply over time (a negative slope for the trend line of the equation), which is mainly due to the decline in precipitations and DROUGHTs in the region causing irreparable damage to farmers. The results of variations in the SPI index on the harvest level from rainfed and irrigated fields indicated that the harvest level from rainfed and irrigated fields increased during the wet year while it decreased during DROUGHTs. However for irrigated cultivation, the reduction of irrigated crop yield was less severe over DROUGHT years probably due to the use of other methods of water supply for cultivation, including drilling illegal wells and deepening agricultural wells.

DROUGHT and salinity are two major abiotic stresses, similarly and/or differently affecting physiological processes of wheat. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the IMPACTS of DROUGHT and salinity on wheat. A pot experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Yasouj University in 2015. Treatments included different levels of salinity and DROUGHT with the same osmotic potentials (-2.47, -4.94 and -7.42 bar) and a control. Salinity and DROUGHT were imposed with NaCl and PEG 6000 in a Hogland medium, respectively. Results showed that by increasing DROUGHT and salinity treatments, relative water cotent and cell membrane stability were decreased but malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. The effect of PEG DROUGHT stress on these traits was more than that of NaCl stress. Increasing DROUGHT and salinity stresses significantly increased leaf proline, total soluble sugars, and glycinebetaine content, however, this increase was higher for salinity. Fv/Fm was equally affected by salinity and DROUGHT, decreasing by both stresses. By raising stress levels, chlorophyll a decreased but chlorophyll b and carotenoid content increased. In general, we found that wheat could tolerate acceptable salinity levels better than DROUGHT, by accumulation of osmolytes and more sustained absorption of water and also reducing the MDA production under salinity conditions.

DROUGHT is a deplorable event that has great impact on human, communities, plantations, and ecology. The destructive effects resulting from DROUGHT appear gradually with the result of decreased agricultural crops, food as well as economics, social, and environmental ramifications.This study aims at quantify DROUGHT and achieving a rational policy, using a normal Z index in Bushehr province. since, the accurate investigation of DROUGHT IMPACTS on agricultural crops and finagling the preventive strategies accordingly may reduce the economic ,social, and environmental pressure Using normal Z index, this study analysis annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation data in stations based in Bushehr province during statistical period 1973-2000. Consequently, the general characteristics of DROUGHT including frequency, intensity and continuation period will be obtained. The findings show that there is a a high probability of annual, seasonal, and monthly DROUGHT in different regions of the province. The most frequent type of DROUGHT is moderate DROUGHT (in Bushehr and Borazjan station) and the intense DROUGHT (Kaki and Kangan stations). one-year DROUGHT period is the most frequent period of DROUGHT the DROUGHT in winter is the worst DROUGHT and jun has the worst DROUGHT. To investigate the IMPACTS of DROUGHT on wheat crops,77-78. 78-79(Persian year ) were selected due to available on crops in than year.

Introduction:Generally, yearly variability of precipitation make rangelands unsuitable for crop production, and livestock grazing presents a sustainable means of food and fiber production. DROUGHTs which often occur within a long period, may drastically affect plant community composition and may make rangelands more susceptible to diseases, insect pests, weed invasions, and overgrazing. Therefore, continuous monitoring of rangeland status would help decision makers to do necessary interventions and proper reactions against DROUGHT spells. In this regard, current ground-based methods seem to be not suitable for rangeland monitoring and regional assessment of DROUGHT IMPACTS on its vegetation cover and seasonality.

DROUGHT, as one of the most destructive environmental disasters, leads to significant damages on the property and lives of the residents of the communities. Rural communities are the most vulnerable ones to DROUGHT since their main activity is agriculture. The current research, therefore, was conducted with the aim of investigating the IMPACTS of DROUGHT on rural households of Kakan district located in the central District of Boyer Ahmad County. The study population was 47 household heads resided in Kakan district who were selected by purposeful snowball sampling method. In this process, the sampling was continued until reaching the theoretical saturation. The findings from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed by open and axial coding systems through MAXQDA software. Accordingly, the results were classified in the form of three main categories including social, economic, and environmental IMPACTS. Furthermore, 22 subcategories were also identified that included the change in employment structure, the decrease in economic power, asset amount, the value of property, investment, the quantity of food, cultural-social vitality, the quality of food, physical health, psychological disorders, rural residents' participation, interaction and solidarity, sense of trust and security, the increase in cost living conditions, the increase in agricultural costs, income disruption, the disruption of agricultural jobs, the disruption of non-agricultural jobs, expanding training on coping with DROUGHT, residents' migration, regional air quality, and environmental quality. Finally, some suggestions were recommended to reduce the IMPACTS of DROUGHT in the study area.

This research studies the potential impact of climate change on future trend and changes of two well known DROUGHT indicators namely RDI and SPI in Yazd meteorological station, in central part of Iran. For this purpose, data of HadCM3 model that were resulted from GCM-runs based on the IPCC-SRES scenarios of A2 and B2 were acquired and analyzed for projection of daily Tmin, Tmax and precipitation for the projected period of 2010 to 2039. RDI and SPI DROUGHT indicators then were calculated and validated based on corresponding observations of historical period (1961-1990). Comparison of the results indicate that SPI and RDI of A2 scenario would have a negative trend along with the projected years, while these indicators tend to have positive trend when resulted from B2 scenario. The latter result demonstrates an increase of vulnerabilities based on up coming DROUGHTs.